The vast majority of the universe stays unmapped, however we’ve a possible window into it by way of a peculiar mild emitted by nothing aside from impartial hydrogen.
Earlier than stars and galaxies lit up the universe, the cosmos was a darkish place crammed principally with impartial hydrogen. This was proper after the Large Bang and the formation of the CMB—Cosmic Microwave Background. The CMB is sort of a child image of the universe when it was simply 380,000 years previous. However what got here subsequent was a protracted interval known as the “Darkish Ages.” Throughout this time, the universe didn’t have a lot occurring by way of seen mild as a result of there have been no stars or galaxies but. Frustratingly, a lot of the quantity of the seen universe exists in these Darkish Ages, which makes it a really priceless useful resource to study concerning the nature of darkish matter and darkish power. However…it was darkish, so we will’t simply make an even bigger telescope and observe it.
Fortunately, the impartial hydrogen that crammed the universe throughout this epoch does emit a feeble type of mild. Because of the quantum mechanical spin flip transition, impartial hydrogen emits radiations with a wavelength of 21 centimeters. Nevertheless, the Darkish Ages had been so way back at this 21cm radiation is redshifted to a wavelength of two meters or extra, placing it firmly within the radio band of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In reality, a tiny fraction of the static you hear in your automotive radio is because of this historical radiation.
Astronomers can use barely completely different wavelengths to map out the extent and evolution of the Darkish Ages. Completely different pockets of impartial fuel will emit their radiation at completely different occasions, which can correspond to completely different redshifts.
We count on to see an infinite quantity of 21cm radiation on the very longest wavelengths, proper originally of the Darkish Ages. That’s when the universe was crammed with an virtually uniform distribution of impartial hydrogen. Then as the primary stars and galaxies get up, they ionize their surrounding fuel with highly effective blasts of high-energy radiation. So a 21cm map of this period ought to present holes and pockets within the general sign. Lastly, as soon as a lot of the impartial hydrogen is wiped away and confined solely to chill areas of galaxies, we should always see the sign disappear – solely to get replaced with the sunshine of galaxies themselves.
Nevertheless, observing this radiation is a frightening activity. That’s as a result of people are additionally fairly keen on radio emissions, and this sign from the Darkish Ages is not less than one million occasions weaker than terrestrial radio broadcasts. Observatories world wide, just like the Murchison Broad-field Array in Western Australia and the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array in South Africa have up to now did not discover a conclusive sign.
To nail this detection and open up the Darkish Ages to exploration, we could must go off planet. The Lunar Crater Radio Telescope hopes to show the far aspect of the Moon right into a pristine radio observatory, utilizing the Moon itself to defend the observatory from radio interference. The concept is a great distance off, nevertheless it could be our solely approach to to attract a whole map of the cosmos’ previous, current, and future.
