Seems the expression “you possibly can’t have all of it” additionally applies to black holes. Astronomers have found that though feeding black holes can produce highly effective cosmic winds and blast out high-energy jets, they can not do each on the identical time.
As an alternative, this new analysis means that black holes truly act like “cosmic seesaws,” switching between these two distinct outflow modes. Not solely does this discovery have implications for a way black holes develop, nevertheless it may additionally assist us higher perceive how they affect star formation, and thus how they form their complete dwelling galaxies.
Jiang and colleagues made this discovery whereas learning the system 4U 1630−472, which incorporates a black gap with round 10 occasions the mass of the solar that is actively stripping matter from a companion star. They studied this method with NASA’s Neutron star Inside Composition Explorer (NICER) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and the MeerKAT radio telescope across a period of three years.
The black hole’s stolen matter forms a swirling plate of plasma around it called an accretion disk, which gradually feeds it. But not all of this ex-stellar material is destined to fall into the black hole; some is blasted away at near-light speed, while other material is blown away as black hole winds.
What the team found was this black hole never produced powerful winds and high-energy jets at the same time, even though the accretion disk and the matter stripped from the companion star restocking this disk stayed consistent.
“Our observations provide clear evidence that black hole binary systems switch between powerful jets and energetic winds — never producing both simultaneously — highlighting the complex interplay and competition between different forms of black hole outflows,” team member Zuobin Zhang of the University of Oxford said in the statement.
The way outflow mechanisms seesawed for this black hole suggests a natural mechanism of self-regulation, and that jets and winds compete for the same matter. The researchers also found that though the type of outflow differed, the amount of energy and mass carried away remained consistent. That also implies a roughly steady total rate of outflow.
The team behind this research theorizes that the switch-in-outflow method doesn’t hinge on how much matter is falling toward the black hole, but on the configuration of the magnetic fields within the accretion disk.
That means black holes don’t just gobble up gas and dust in their host galaxies, but can also manage how this matter is spat back into their cosmic environment. As this gas and dust are the building blocks of new stars, this means these cosmic seesaws play a crucial role in regulating star formation and therefore the growth of galaxies.
The team’s research was published on Jan. 5 in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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