Astronomers taken on the function of cosmic archeologists, utilizing the James Webb House Telescope (JWST) to excavate over 100 disk galaxies from as much as 11 billion years in the past. Similar to artifacts excavated right here on Earth inform the story of the human race, these galaxies may inform the story of our galaxy, the Milky Means.
The intention of this investigation was to find why galaxies just like the Milky Means are constructed of thick disks of stars with embedded skinny stellar disks. Every of those disks characteristic its personal distinct stellar inhabitants with its personal motion.
The staff behind this analysis wished to understand how and why this “dual-disk” construction kinds, turning to observations of 111 disk galaxies which might be oriented “edge-on” from our perspective right here on Earth. This represented the primary time astronomers had studied thick- and thin-disk buildings of galaxies that existed through the toddler phases of the cosmos, as early as 2.8 billion years after the Huge Bang.
“This distinctive measurement of the thickness of the disks at excessive redshift, or at occasions within the early universe, is a benchmark for theoretical examine that was solely attainable with the JWST,” staff chief Takafumi Tsukui of the Australian Nationwide College said in a statement. “Normally, the older, thick disk stars are faint, and the younger, skinny disk stars outshine the complete galaxy.
“However with the JWST’s decision and distinctive capability to see by means of mud and spotlight faint outdated stars, we will determine the two-disk construction of galaxies and measure their thickness individually.”
Telling the historical past of the Milky Means
Step one for the staff was to separate the 111 galaxies within the pattern into two classes: dual-disked and single-disked.
What this appeared to disclose was that galaxies develop their thick stellar disk first, with the skinny disk forming at a later level.
The staff thinks the timing of those disk formation processes hinges on the mass of the galaxy in query. Excessive-mass, single-disk galaxies reworked into dual-disk buildings by forming an embedded skinny disk round 8 billion years in the past in our roughly 14-billion-year-old universe. Decrease-mass galaxies solely appeared to endure this transformation once they have been round 4 billion years outdated.
“That is the primary time it has been attainable to resolve skinny stellar disks at increased redshift. What’s actually novel is uncovering when skinny stellar disks begin to emerge,” Emily Wisnioski, examine staff member and a researcher on the Australian Nationwide College, mentioned within the assertion. “To see skinny stellar disks already in place 8 billion years in the past, and even earlier, was shocking.”
The staff then set about figuring out what brought on the transitions for these various kinds of galaxies. To do that, the researchers went past their pattern of 111 galaxies to research how gasoline flowed round these topics.
They used gas-motion information from the Atacama Giant Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) — a set of 66 antennas in northern Chile that work collectively as a single telescope — and different ground-based observatories.
This confirmed that turbulent gasoline within the early universe triggers bouts of intense star formation in galaxies, birthing these galaxies’ thick stellar disks. As these thick-disk stars kind, the gasoline is stabilized, changing into much less turbulent and scaling down. That results in the formation of the embedded skinny stellar disk.
This course of, the staff says, takes a special period of time in high-mass galaxies and low-mass galaxies as a result of the previous convert gasoline to stars extra effectively than the latter. Meaning gasoline is depleted extra quickly in high-mass galaxies, getting them to the purpose at which their skinny stellar disks can kind extra rapidly.
This hyperlinks to our personal galaxy as nicely. The timing of those transitions matched the interval at which the Milky Means is theorized to have grown its personal skinny disk of stars.
All in all, the staff’s analysis demonstrates the power of the JWST to see again in time and discover galaxies that match the evolution of our personal galaxy, permitting these galaxies to behave as proxies that inform the story of the Milky Means.
The following step for this analysis will contain the staff including extra information to see if the relationships they noticed nonetheless stand.
“There may be nonetheless way more we want to discover,” Tsukui mentioned. “We wish to add the kind of data individuals normally get for close by galaxies, like stellar movement, age and metallicity [the abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium].
“By doing so, we will bridge the insights from galaxies close to and much, and refine our understanding of disk formation.”
The staff’s outcomes seem within the July version of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
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